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Agricultural land expansion remains one of the most significant drivers of biodiversity loss globally, requiring geospatial approaches to understand its complex impacts. This systematic review critically analyzes recent scientific advancements in remote sensing, land-use transitions, climate-smart agriculture, and policy frameworks to assess the relationship between agricultural expansion and biodiversity. Remote sensing technologies –particularly the integration of Sentinel- 1 SAR data with deep learning models have proven pivotal in detecting tropical dry forest disturbances and enhancing near real-time monitoring of land encroachments. Agroecological systems such as cocoa-based agroforestry emerges as vital buffers against biodiversity erosion by enhancing ecosystem resilience and species richness. However, rewilding efforts, while ecologically beneficial, have revealed unintended conflicts with farming communities, necessitating adaptive management strategies. Globally, agricultural trade and land-use transitions,notably in regions such as Brazil and Ghana, have led to significant habitat fragmentation and biodiversity intactness loss, exposing urgent trade-offs between conservation and food production. Furthermore, climate-smart innovations like digital twin technologies and nitrogen budgeting have improved agricultural efficiency and reduced environmental impacts, although challenges in adoption persist in smallholder systems. Sustainable agriculture, underpinned by land-use and land cover (LULC) monitoring, policy integration, and restoration strategies, offers a pathway for harmonizing productivity with ecological integrity. The review concludes by emphasizing the role of geospatial tools in guiding evidence-based policymaking, advancing sustainable land management, and reconciling biodiversity conservation with food security in an era of global environmental challenges.
Key Words: Biodiversity loss, remote sensing, sustainable agriculture, climate-smart agriculture,